A Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up Approach for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resource Systems

When bottom-up meets top-down.

Studying the intriguing question of how words or pictures are encoded, processed and stored has been a long-standing problem in cognition. Both the written word frog, and a picture of the animal, can lead to an observer to say /frog/, or otherwise to the association that frogs leap, croak, need water, etc. Two different types of account have been formulated to explain word and picture processin...

Bottom-up, top-down

Bottom-Up Beats Top-Down

In PEPA, the calculation of the transitions enabled by a process accounts for a large part of the time for the state space exploration of the underlying Markov chain. Unlike other approaches based on recursion, we present a new technique that is iterative—it traverses the process’ binary tree from the sequential components at the leaves up to the root. Empirical results shows that this algorith...

Top-Down Analysis for Bottom-Up Development

Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is the construction of software systems from software components. Software components are independently deployable units of executable code that can be assembled into a system based on their externally visible properties, which are made available to system developers via the components interface specifications. Software components provide a means for ...

The ideological divide and climate change opinion: “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches

The United States wields disproportionate global influence in terms of carbon dioxide emissions and international climate policy. This makes it an especially important context in which to examine the interplay among social, psychological, and political factors in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to climate change. In this article, we review the emerging literature addressing the liberal-...